Solar Energy Essays (1424 words) - Energy Conversion, Solar Energy

Solar Energy About 47 percent of the energy that the sun releases to the earth actually reaches the ground. About a third is reflected directly back into space by the atmosphere. The time in which solar energy is available, is also the time we least need it least - daytime. Because the sun's energy cannot be stored for use another time, we need to convert the suns energy into an energy that can be stored. One possible method of storing solar energy is by heating water that can be insulated. The water is heated by passing it through hollow panels. Black-coated steal plates are used because dark colors absorb heat more efficiently. However, this method only supplies enough energy for activities such as washing and bathing. The solar panels generate "low grade" heat, that is, they generate low temperatures for the amount of heat needed in a day. In order to generate "high grade" heat, intense enough to convert water into high-pressure steam which can then be used to turn electric generators there must be another method. The concentrated beams of sunlight are collected in a device called a solar furnace, which acts on the same principles as a large magnifying glass. The solar furnace takes the sunlight from a large area and by the use of lenses and mirrors can focus the light into a very small area. Very elaborate solar furnaces have machines that angle the mirrors and lenses to the sun all day. This system can provide sizable amounts of electricity and create extremely high temperatures of over 6000 degrees Fahrenheit. Solar energy generators are very clean, little waste is emitted from the generators into the environment. The use of coal, oil and gasoline is a constant drain, economically and environmentally. Will solar energy be the wave of the future? Could the worlds Tran 2 requirement of energy be fulfilled by the "powerhouse" of our galaxy - the sun? Automobiles in the future will probably run on solar energy, and houses will have solar heaters. Solar cells today are mostly made of silicon, one of the most common elements on Earth. The crystalline silicon solar cell was one of the first types to be developed and it is still the most common type in use today. They do not pollute the atmosphere and they leave behind no harmful waste products. Photovoltaic cells work effectively even in cloudy weather and unlike solar heaters, are more efficient at low temperatures. They do their job silently and there are no moving parts to wear out. It is no wonder that one marvels on how such a device would function. To understand how a solar cell works, it is necessary to go back to some basic atomic concepts. In the simplest model of the atom, electrons orbit a central nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. Each electron carries one negative charge and each proton one positive charge. Neutrons carry no charge. Every atom has the same number of electrons as there are protons, so, on the whole, it is electrically neutral. The electrons have discrete kinetic energy levels, which increase with the orbital radius. When atoms bond together to form a solid, the electron energy levels merge into bands. In electrical conductors, these bands are continuous but in insulators and semiconductors there is an "energy gap", in which no electron orbits can exist, between the inner valence band and outer conduction band [Book 1]. Valence electrons help to bind together the atoms in a solid by orbiting 2 adjacent nuclei, while conduction electrons, being less closely bound to the nuclei, are free to move in response to an applied voltage or electric field. The fewer conduction electrons there are, the higher the electrical resistively of the material. Tran 3 In semiconductors, the materials from which solar sells are made, the energy gap E.g. is fairly small. Because of this, electrons in the valence band can easily be made to jump to the conduction band by the injection of energy, either in the form of heat or light [Book 4]. This explains why the high resistively of semiconductors decreases as the temperature is raised or the material illuminated. The excitation of valence electrons to the conduction band is best accomplished when the semiconductor is in the crystalline state, i.e. when the atoms are arranged in a precise geometrical formation or "lattice." At room temperature and low illumination, pure or so-called "intrinsic" semiconductors have a high resistively. But the resistively can be greatly reduced by "doping," i.e. introducing a very small amount of

Investigation of the chromatic aberration of a converging lens Essays

Investigation of the chromatic aberration of a converging lens Essays Investigation of the chromatic aberration of a converging lens Essay Investigation of the chromatic aberration of a converging lens Essay Chromatic aberration arises from dispersion- the property that the refractive index of glass differs with wavelength of light. The focal length of a lens is determined by a combination of its geometry and the refractive index of the material from which it is made. The refractive index varies slightly with the wavelength of the light that is being transmitted. This means that the focal length of a lens will vary for different colours of light. For blue light (short wavelengths), the focal length is larger than that of red light (long wavelengths). Prediction It was predicted that the values of the focal length of the lens obtained from red and blue light are different, given that the standard focal length is 10cm. Proposed Method: The method is to use the lens formula. 1/f = 1/u +1/v To use this formula both the object distance (u) and the image distance (v) need to be measured. This method is not as simple as method 1 above, but the result obtained will be more accurate. Therefore, the focal length of a converging lens in this experiment was determined by method 2. Detailed Procedures: All the lights were switched off to ensure the laboratory was dark. 1.The apparatus were set up as shown in the diagram below. Some black cupboards were put surrounded the apparatus to provide light insulation. 2. The light bulb, object grill, appropriate light filter, lens, image screen were positioned along a straight line 3. The light bulb was fixed at the end of the fixed metre rule (exactly 100cm). The object grill was placed in front of the light bulb in order to give a clear image. 4.The lens and screen were positioned against the metre rule in a straight line with the object grill so that all their positions can be measured. The lens was started approximately 60cm from the grill. The experiment was firstly started with white light (no light filters) 3.The 12V power supply was switched on. The screen was moved until a sharpest (brightest) image was formed on the screen. 4.The position of the grill (a), lens (b) and screen (c) against the metre rule was recorded. 5.Values for u and v were calculated by finding the differences between the positions. 6. 1/u and 1/v were calculated. 7. A graph of 1/u against 1/v was plotted. 8. The above procedures were repeated with red and blue light filters respectively. 9. The above method was repeated three times for each measurement of three different colours of lights to ensure that the results were accurate List of Apparatus: Light bulb (light source) Red and blue light filters (turn white light into red and blue respectively.) Object grids (to help to make the image clear) Converging lens (focal length=10cm) Lens holder (to hold the lens firmly) Image screen (so image can be cleared seen and observed) Metre rule (to measure u and v) 12V power supply (supplies power to the light bulb.) Variables to be considered (fixed and changing) The positions of light bulb and object grid are fixed during the experiment. The positions of the lens and image screen vary in order to obtain different sets of values of distance (u) and the image distance (v). Intended readings (number and range) The object distance (u) and the image distance (v) need to be measured Design justification Explanation of principles The lens formula (1/f=1/u+1/v) was used to determine the focal length of the lens in order to find the difference in focal length of a converging lens when used to produce images with red and blue light. A lens will not focus different colour in exactly the same place because the focal length depends on its geometry and the refractive index of the material from which it is made. for blue light (short wavelengths) is larger than that of red light (long wavelengths). The amount of chromatic aberration depends on the dispersion of the glass Design justification calculations. Lens formula 1/f = 1/u +1/v A graph of 1/u against 1/v was plotted. when 1/v = 0 then 1/f = 1/u and when 1/u = 0 then 1/f=1/v Consideration of Errors The values were suitable for producing a good line. Possible sources of errors The range of data was not big enough. The image was not clear enough The apparatus were not positioned in a straight line. Implementing Place the light and screen at opposite ends of the optical bench, and move a converging lens until a sharp image is formed on the screen. The distance between lens and screen is (nearly) the focal length of the lens. Short (blue appearing) wavelengths are refracted more than long (red appearing) wavelengths. Consequently, lenses like the one shown above will not image light all in one place. Chromatic aberration arises from dispersion- the property that the refractive index of glass differs with wavelength. positioned along a straight line Data Evaluation Identification of Sources of Error Possible sources of errors The range of data was not big enough. The image was not clear enough The apparatus were not positioned in a straight line. Variations in readings Each set of readings was taken twice to ensure the accuracy. As seen from the graph, there is no anomalies The actual outcome was very similar to the expected result. Summary The chromatic aberration can be corrected by making the lens by different glass.

Anja Balanskat, Stella Kefala and Roger Blamire Research Paper

Anja Balanskat, Stella Kefala and Roger Blamire - Research Paper Example In primary schools in Europe, the authors note that use of ICT improves achievement in English as a home language in addition to encouraging better performance in science and design in children aged from seven to sixteen years. Schools with well developed ICT programs and related resources demonstrate better achievement in all subjects compared to those with poor levels of the technology. However, better performance while using ICT in schools is realized if education policy makers establish favorable environment for effective application of the technology in educational institutions (Anja, Stella and Roger, 14). Use of ICT in learning institutions has remarkable impacts on teachers and teaching process. According to Anja, Stella and Roger(17) the technology increases enthusiasm among the instructors leading to heightened positive attitude towards their careers. Ina addition, ICT enhances their efficiency especially in preparation of teaching plans. Effective use of information manage ment systems while teaching encourage collaborative learning among teachers leading to better teaching experience. However, various barriers impede realization of projected gains of adopting information technology. These include poor ICT competence in the teaching fraternity, which lowers their confidence in the class while applying the technology. In addition, poor organization, inadequate maintenance of ICT hardware and limited access to appropriate ICT infrastructure prevents learners from gaining maximum benefits from ICT technology (Anja, Stella and Roger, 17-28). 2. Ellen, Wartellla and Nancy Jennings. â€Å"Children and Computers: New Technology, Old Concerns.† The Future of Children, 10.2(2000): 31-40. The authors examine the concerns of increased exposure of children to computer applications and related technology. According to, Ellen and Nancy (32), wired computer provides the modern society with new mass media including computer games, CD ROMs and the web. In Unite d States, about 60% of homes with young children aged from eight to seventeen years own computers that are connected to the internet with intention of learning (Ellen and Nancy, 33). However, Ellen and Nancy notes that the society needs to balance the educational benefits of using computers with the potential harms. The authors compare the recent controversy of using computer technology with the controversies that characterized application of earlier technologies such radio, television films and movies. Introduction of films in American society in the early 1900 was met with considerable support from parents who considered them as important sources of entertainment and education to their children. Later, the same society that supported watching of films especially among young children began opposing them on the grounds that they promoted immorality, violence and delinquency in children and teenagers. These concerns raised the issue of censorship and restricting access of various fil m and movie content to the children (Ellen and Nancy, 35). Unlike film industry that was regulated later after the society raised concerns about its effects on children, radio was regulated by the federal government immediately after it was introduced. Similarly, introduction of

Clustering Stock Market Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Clustering Stock Market Companies - Essay Example It is often seen that business houses in clusters are more successful than those businesses doing identical trade or commercial ventures but are separated from each other, either through geographical distances or other barriers which do not offer their clustering. Not only are clusters more successful in terms of profitability and growth indicators but they are also well-positioned in terms of good management structures and high share value with respect to the companies who are not clustered. It is often found that in many countries the situation of certain similar industries is in close geographical proximity to each other. For instance, computer firms are found in the US in Silicon Valley and Bangalore in India, and they are proliferating exponentially in the recent times. This geographical proximity also gives rise to clustering and has a positive impact on the company's growth since all the members of the cluster would be able to contribute to the economic welfare of the State to which it belongs. The concept of clustering is fundamentally to determine the essential grouping or collation of data, and in the contest of business enterprises could be used to consider important aspects like revenue generation, profit making corporation and the main location aspects of the business. Through this research it is tried to focus upon the important aspects that work in the case of Clustering and how this aspect impacts upon the economy of the country. Clustering could be used for a variety of applications depending upon the desired results or objectives and could help in studying areas of interest like biology, insurance, seismic recordings for earthquakes, World Wide Web (www) where it is necessary to determine the pattern of behaviour in seemingly discrete and unorganized data. For instance in determining census reports, a lot of mass of data from all over the districts are collated and gathered and for arriving at the correct distributional patterns among the vast mass of data and to provide intelligent and coherent analysis and interpretations for the data . This could be done through the use of cluster formation which would distribute the similar data in identical formatting and thus help in achieving the desired ends and conclusions regarding the distribution and behaviour patterns of the data under study. The main determinants of clustering would be therefore in terms of Ability to make valid measurements and coherent analysis Assign attributes to the data based on the findings of clustering Formulating data with the various designs for implementation of decisions Established the least requirement for domain knowledge and determining the inputs that could provide valid outputs measurements and the basis for arriving at logical conclusions It is to be noted that the domain is not concerned with the order of the inputs recording since the processing would be based on similar identification and not other criteria High dimensionality would have to be accorded to the data being researched since this would impinge upon the final results It is also necessary that the data on clustering has high degree of usability in the academic context There are different types of clustering and they could be seen in the contest of Exclusive clusters, overlapping clusters, hierarchical clusters and probable clusters. The Euclidean distance would be the

Certificate training and assesment tafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Certificate training and assesment tafe - Essay Example Questions RESULTS Assessor to complete shaded areas: S NYS Questions relevant to all TAE40110 design field units 1. In your own words explain what Vocational Education and Training (VET) is and describe its key features. Explain key principles of how competency-based training and assessment (CBT/A) works. 1. Answer: Vocational Education and Training (VET) is a higher educational training delivered by further institutions, which provides people with occupational or work related knowledge and skills that is however not a degree or higher level programs. The three (3) features of the training program is that it industry led, national and client focused. By industry led, it means the program is focused on employers and people who are already in industry work. For this reason, the whole program is defined by representatives in the industry. This means that the program may serve as an in-service training, career enhancement program or career option for people who will want to switch their careers. By national, it means the program is government accredited and so it is carried out throughout the entire Australia. It is not only accredited by government but also managed by the state or government. The program is client focused because it serves the immediate needs of clients as long their job demands are concerned. The program is conducted in a flexible manner that meets the working needs of clients. This means that it considers the working conditions of workers so that training programs are not fixed at times that will ne inconvenient to clients who may be working already. The key principles on which the CBT/A works is includes the fact that i. The program focuses on what a person can do not how they learn to do it: This means that the primary aim of the program is to see a client who completes the course with an ability to undertake a certain competency without necessarily judging the way by which the person acquired those competencies. This brings to the fore, the i ssues of flexibility in training acquisition. The format for training is so flexible that a client may choose whatever learning strategy that works will for him. As far as organisers are concerned, the end justifies the means and that end should be the acquisition of a competency level. ii. Criteria-reference assessment: This principle talks about the uniformity in the assessment procedure for the program. Competency-based assessment focuses on giving all participants assessment based on criteria outlined by the relevant competency standards. iii. Recognition assessment: This is to say that the program recognises prior learning experiences and current competency of candidates and assesses them based on these current competencies. The program therefore places premium on prospective candidates with previous experiences and encourages that. iv. Flexible and personalised delivery: The program focuses on the relevancy for the client. It aims at meeting the employability needs of the clie nts. The program is also delivered to meet the occupational needs of clients. The assessment process also reflects the needs of the clients. It is therefore not surprising that two different RTOs will undertake the same course for different client groups and the assessments for the two groups will be different. v. Immediate application: Accessibility to application is easy and they are based only on skills needed by

Downfall Of Pakistan Industry Film Studies Essay

Downfall Of Pakistan Industry Film Studies Essay Pakistan film industry started off as a mighty empire, industry of the chocolate heroes and exquisite heroines. This is known as the Golden era of the industry where cinemas were filled with audiences enjoying their local movies which would touch the sensitive issues of the society. The industry flourished, boomed and grew mightier every day. An article in LA times sums up the story of Pakistan film industry, In their heyday, theaters such as the Odeon had queues of Pakistanis snaking far beyond the box-office window and down Lahores bustling sidewalks. Moviegoers dressed in their snazziest salwar kameezes and arrived two hours before a showing to secure tickets. Today, Pakistani cinema has all but vanished, a victim of the VCR, cable television, President Muhammad Zia ul-Haqs Islamization of Pakistani society, and finally DVD piracy. In 1985, 1,100 movie houses operated in Pakistan; today, only 120 are in business. The few directors, producers and cinema owners often rely on second jobs to make ends meet (Rodriguez). The Islamization reforms introduced by the President Zia-up-Haq led to the deterioration of the industry and finally to its downfall. Stereotypical thinking, lack of Government finance and support, uneducated actors/actresses/writers/directors, lack of acting schools and production houses, and lately the introduction of the Indian movies in our local cinemas has closed down the industry completely. The role of cinemas in the downfall of the film industry also needs to be discussed. It highlights the willingness of cinema owners to show Indian and English movies in their cinemas. Although it might be argued that the cinemas have shown willingness to show Pakistanis movies as well. For example, the DHA cinema in Lahore is currently a Pakistani movie CHANNA SACCHI MUCHI, along with other Indian and Hollywood movies. Furthermore, several cinemas continue to show Pakistanis movies despite incurring losses but even this trend is changing as no cinema owner would continue to lose revenue by not showing Indian and English movies as also suggested by Jam Hussains article in The Nation newspaper, While the Pakistani films have vanished from the cinema, the screening of foreign movies is in full swing these days. Almost every cinema in the City including those located in the Northern Lahore and Walled City known for displaying Punjabi movies, has switched over to either Indian or English film. The cinema-owners are going for the foreign flicks after the Pakistani films failed to attract viewers in a sizable number to sustain the cinema industry. One of the reasons for the introduction of Indian movies in Pakistan was to bring back audience to the cinemas so as to ensure the survival of cinemas but the cinema owners, instead of screening both local and foreign films, are switching towards foreign films only which is effecting our film industry quite negatively. It is said that the downfall of the film industry started with the introduction Islamization policies indroduced by President Zia-ul-Haq. Advocates of General Zias regime argue that following the Bangladesh liberation war, the number of cinemas decreased rapidly and as political uncertainty took charge of the industry; filmmakers were asked to consider socio-political impacts of their films. So the film industry was already on decline but the imposition of new registration laws for film producers requiring to be degree holders, where not many of them held one, led to a steep decline in the workings of the industry, the forcible closure of most of the cinemas in Lahore by government and the introduction of new tax rates which further decreased cinema attendances is proof enough of the fact that the policies introduced by General Zia was a major blow to the film industry. There were other implications as well, according to the article How Pakistan Fell in Love with the Bollywood publis hed in Foreign Policy magazine by Anuj Chopra, General Zia-ul-Haqs Islamization policies resulted in the artificial split between Indian and Pakistani culture. Basically entertainment, particularly Indian entertainment, was labeled as fahashi (vulgar). Classical Indian music and dance were banned, and colleges were instructed to shut down their music societies. Sari, a Hindu garment, was banned, which according to him revealed too much of a womans body. Moreover, it has also been noted that in state TV programs, women playing negative roles were shown wearing Indian clothes (mainly saris), while the good ones were shown wearing salwar kameez(traditional Pakistani outfit) and a dupatta (a shawl covering the head). General Zias Islamization process was a huge setback to Pakistans film industry and it is still recovering from those setbacks as the process permanently changed the way people thought about films and the industry. The Pakistani movies have been stereotyped as bad and low quality and also that people with low standards come to these academies and work in this industry. It is commonly accepted that respectable people dont go to Pakistani cinema houses anymore, unless of course it is to watch a special screening of some Hollywood blockbuster (Minhas). It might be argued that people still watch and appreciate Pakistani movies and also that many people are entering this field with prospects of great future. Some of the many new talents that have entered the industry include names like: Fawad Khan, Imran Abbasi and Imaan Ali. Their acting in Khuda Key Liye, regarded as one of Pakistans best movie, was commendable. They are a source of inspiration for other individuals, especially those who are passionate about acting but feel that there is no future in it. However, a few exceptions cannot really account for the performance of the whole industry. Most of us are aware of the fact that a government can play a key role in promoting the film industry of a particular country. This notion obviously applies to Pakistan also, but the ill-fate of our country is such that the government has shown little interest in the development of this industry. The point is also backed by Amna Nasir Jamals article The Pakistani Film Industry Struggles to Survive in which she says that due to governments laxity in the past two decades, the film industry has deteriorated and most of the technical facilities have been closed. It is acknowledgeable that throughout Pakistans history most of the governments have been hesitant to promote the film industry because of the opposition from religious factions. What the government does not realize is that the film industry has a potential of playing an important role in portraying a better image of Pakistan. Recently, the government, under President Asif Ali Zardari, formed United Film Association of Pakistan ( UFAP) which aims to bring back the golden era of the film industry and also, according to the newspaper article Taxes Everywhere and Not a Film to Screen in The Express Tribune by Saadia Qamar, levied a 65 percent tax on the screening of foreign films in Punjab. These are positive steps and whether they will bear fruits or not, only the future can tell but what the industry really needs is economic and technical assistance which every government has failed to provide. It is argued that the introduction of Indian and Hollywood movies has provided a competitive base for Pakistani movies so that only good quality movies come forward. The argument is backed by the introduction of movies such as Khuda Key Liye but the situation of the whole industry needs to be taken into account first. The film industry is on the brink of collapse, Pakistani movies have been stereotyped as bad so there is very little demand, few cinemas that are still operating are unwilling to screen Pakistani movies, the industry lacks technical equipment and expertise and there is very little government support. In 2009 an article, Pakistan Film Industry Bombarded by Bollywood published in Times of India by Bhariti Dubey quite accurately sums up the impact of Indian movies on Pakistans films industry, This year, the Pakistani film industry produced only nine films. The reasons for this dwindle are many but most fingers point to one culprit who, they claim, has killed their industry : Bollywood.  In the recent past, almost every film released in India has simultaneously been released in Pakistan and done business of about Rs 2 crore to Rs 5 crore. Our local industry is unarguably very weak and needs support and exposing it to foreign competitors would never allow it to grow. It is also suggested that instead of putting restrictions on Indian movies, the Indian movies should be allowed to be screened and promoted in Pakistan if the Indians agree to screen Pakistani films. This would improve cross border relations and also give Pakistani actors, who do not find enough work here, an opportunity to work in India. Meera and Javed Sheikh have already worked in Indian movies and as more people enter Bollywood, they could bring investment into our industry. However, this school of thought does not realize that Pakistani movies can only be screened in India if they are made of the same caliber and are able to compete with their films otherwise the Indian cinema owners would have no incentive of screening Pakistani Film. The introduction of Indian movies in Pakistan was only intended to increase the revenue of cinema owners and motivate our producers/directors to work harder and compete with them. However, this introduction took a wrong turn and still faces a lot of opposition. Islamization policies, lack of financial support by the government, introduction of foreign movies in local cinemas and stereotypical thinking of the locals have really dented the film industry. The Pakistan film industry is now a sinking ship, which needs a captain who cannot only secure the future of the industry but can also lead the ship to its destination. The Pakistani Film Industry went through a smooth and a bumpy road altogether. There was a time when the industry saw good days as well as the bad days. But changes can be inflicted to make sure that the industry revives and sees those heights once again that it saw previously. The government support, educated youngsters, and establishment of more acting schools, cinemas, and production houses are the elements which should come on one platform in order to make the revival possible. Works Cited Page Rodriguez, Alex. Pakistans Film Industry is in Collapse.  LA Times  08 Nov. 2009. Print. Chopra, Anuj. How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood.  Foreign Policy Magazine  15 Mar. 2010. Print. Minhas, Shandana. The Second Wave.  Chowk  22 Nov. 2004. Web. Jamal, Amna N. Pakistani Film Industry Struggles to Survive.  Central Asia Online. Web. Qamar, Saadia. Taxes Everywhere and Not a Film to Screen.  The Express Tribune  19 Apr. 2010. Print. Dubey, Bhariti. Pakistan Film Industry Bombarded by Bollywood.  The Times of India  1 Nov. 2009. Print.   Hussain, Jam S. Indian Movies Dominate Lahore Cinemas. The Nation [Lahore] 3 Aug. 2009. Print.

Genre Of Clowning (Theatre, Drama, Arts) :: essays research papers

The Genre Of Clowning The genre of clowning actually originates from Greece, where satires had begun originating slowly as time went by. The art of satire was challenged throughout the years to form the various forms of clowning we have today. A clown must have certain abilities or skills to master its comedy upon the audience. It is a profession that requires delicate detail, precise movements, and of course a reaction. The costume for every type of comedy is extremely different. Commedia Dell’Arte for example required masks for each of the characters, the masks obviated the use of face expression and communication, therefore making the characters more puppet like; relying more upon the use of voice and gesture. Masks were not only used in Commedia Dell’Arte but also in other forms of Greek and Roman dramas. Other forms of comedy usually consist of costumes focusing on the clown’s main faults and/or pertaining the clown’s own personality. Not only is costume used to make an impression on the audience when first sighting the clown; but also the make-up must be done right to enhance whether the clown is happy, sad, evil, or falls into another category of personality. The make-up also provides great detail, and in a way is a more modern format of the masks used in Greece and Rome during the 15th Century. When one thinks of clowning, the instant image in mind is the thought of clowns in a circus; performing acrobatic acts and leaving the crowd in awe. This is usually most typical for more ‘physical’ clowns, such as The Three Stooges. Though they do not look like the everyday circus clowns, they perform back flips, somersaults, and portray it all as clumsiness. A clown does not always need to impress an audience by acrobatics, but just by wit; though some audiences are more captivated by the appearance of a physical act. A physical act adds more stamina and energy to a scene, and can leave an audience laughing for hours. To make an audience laugh a voice is needed to speak and attract attention. Such attention can be provoked by the forms of an accent, exaggeration of the voice, or even silent mime. Though with a mime, more physical action is needed to involve the audience. Modern day clowns tend to stray more so towards no noise and a variety of sounds, exhorted from time to time.